Primary angiosarcoma of breast: A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Primary angiosarcoma of breast (PAB)3 is a rare and aggressive malignancy with limited published literature. This article aims to disclose the diagnosis and treatment of this case, review previous case reports, and provide clinical experience to breast surgeons. CASE PRESENTATION: A 36-year-old Asian female presented with a diffuse mass growing rapidly in her left breast. The ultrasonography (USG)4 suspected granulomatous mastitis. The core needle biopsy (CNB)5 confirmed the diagnosis of breast angiosarcoma (AS).6 She underwent mastectomy without axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)7 followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. About 11 months after mastectomy, the patient had bone metastasis. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: PAB is a rare vascular neoplasia, characterized by aggressive patterns, poor prognosis, and high malignant potential. It is difficult to diagnose or differentiate only by clinical or imaging examination. Biopsy and immunohistochemical staining are the most reliable method. Mastectomy is the most common treatment. CONCLUSION: PAB is a rare and malignant cancer. We should pay attention to the diffuse progressive masses in the breast of young female, and perform MRI and biopsy if necessary. Mastectomy is the only treatment known that has proven to benefit these patients. There are no evidence-based guidelines regarding treatment.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade-embodied carbon emissions.

We evaluate the response of global supply chains to carbon emissions through compiling multi-regional input-output (MRIO) models for import and export shocks in 14 countries/territories dominated by the COVID-19 crisis. Instead of traditional production-based inventories, we achieve CO2 emissions inventories based on intermediate inputs and final consumption to analyze the connected environmental impacts. In addition, we adopt the available data up to date to construct inventories of carbon emissions involved in imports and exports from different sectors. The results show that global carbon emissions could be decreased by 6.01% during the COVID-19, while export carbon emissions remained basically unchanged. As a result, imported carbon emissions fell by 5.2%, with the energy products sector most affected by the pandemic. Transport sector witnessed 18.42% carbon emission reduction. The impact of developing countries with a large proportion of resource-based industries is comparatively higher than that of developed countries with the technological advantage. International trade plays a crucial role in the choice of supply chain partners to control carbon emissions. Building a sustainable supply chain and reducing the "trade carbon deficit" between countries/regions requires the coordination of all departments of each country/region to promote the trade of energy-saving products, environmental protection services and environmental services.